Vitamin D deficiency and heart failure
With the improvement of care in the prevention of high blood pressure (hypertension), smoking, and dyslipidaemia, coupled with technological advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there was a decline in the mortality rate due to CVD in the elderly; however, CVD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and the most chronic disability . 1 Vitamin D is a steroid hormone belonging to the group of lipid-soluble vitamins.3 It is estimated that nearly 30–50% of the world population suffers vitamin D deficiency
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Vitamin D is principally known for its role in calcium homeostasis, but preclinical studies implicate multiple pathways through which vitamin D may affect cardiovascular function and influence risk for heart failure. Cross sectional studies demonstrated that prevalence of HF is increased in patients with Vitamin D deficiency or parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma level increase, whereas longitudinal studies showed enhanced risk of developing new HF in patients with Vitamin D deficiency. In addition, in patients with established HF, low plasma levels of Vitamin D are associated with worsening clinical outcome. Yet, clinical studies did not definitively demonstrate a benefit of Vitamin D supplementation for preventing HF or ameliorating clinical outcome in patients with established HF. Aim: The aim of this review was to summarize evidence on the role of Vitamin D deficiency in heart failure (HF), from pathophysiological mechanisms side
