Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disorder resulting from an irregularity in insulin secretions, insulin actions or both. Absence or reduced insulin in turn leads to persistent abnormally high blood sugar and glucose intolerance. It can be classified into: • Type 1 diabetes. • Type 2 diabetes. • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). • Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g., monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as neonatal diabetes and maturityonset diabetes of the young [MODY]), or diseases of the exocrine pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis). Complications of DM can be classified into: • Acute (diabetic ketoacidodsis, hyperosmoler). • Chronic (macrovasular, microvascular)